Pakistan Studies Class 10 Chapter 1: Ideological Basis of Pakistan

Free chapter

• Class 10
• Pakistan Studies
• Unit 1
• Book pages Class 9 book · Unit 1
• FBISE SSC-II

This is the free study page for Pakistan Studies Class 10, Chapter 1: Ideological Basis of Pakistan. It follows the Federal Board (FBISE) SSC-II syllabus and takes about 36 minutes to read. After reading, tap Practice this chapter to answer questions with the answers shown at once.

What You Will Learn in This Unit

After this unit you will be able to do four things.

• Relate the basis of Pakistan’s ideology to the basic values of Islam and to the economic and social deprivations of Muslims in India.
• Evaluate Pakistan’s ideology with the statements of Quaid-e-Azam and Allama Iqbal. This includes their vision for a Muslim state and the role of Islam in Pakistan’s identity and governance.
• Define British colonialism and tell its impact on different parts of life in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.
• Recognize the role of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan as a reformer. His efforts, his links with the Western world and the Aligarh Movement helped the Pakistan Movement succeed.

1. What Is Ideology?

The word ideology means the “Science of Ideas”. An idea is a basic concept. A system is built on that concept. That system is its ideology.

Meaning

• Ideology is the set of views, values and goals of a group or country.
• It is deeply fixed in people’s sense of right and wrong.
• It is a set of ideas. It is a framework for action. It is a set of rules that gives order and meaning to human actions.

What ideology does

• It looks at the political, social and economic processes of the day.
• It makes people aware of how these processes work.
• It supports some actions and ideas. It disapproves of others.
• It gives a country a sense of direction and perspective.
• It is up to the people to put it into action.
• A country’s ideology shows the mind of its citizens. It shows their feelings, dreams, hopes, ideals and goals. It also shows their wish to reach those goals.
• The value of an ideology depends on how committed its followers are.

Importance of ideology

• It reflects people’s beliefs. It makes countries look alive.
• It explains the national rights and duties of the people.
• It helps to keep national cohesion (unity).
• It gives people strength to overcome all obstacles and reach their goals.
• It builds a spirit of resistance to reach the goals. It also guarantees that they are reached.
• Sometimes it causes revolution. New ways of working come out of it.

2. The Ideology of Pakistan

• It is the ideological foundation. On it the Muslims of the subcontinent fought for their identity, rights, separate country and national welfare.
• Pakistan’s existence depends on the ideology that gave rise to it.
• The Muslims of the subcontinent founded Pakistan on this same idea.
• This ideology can keep Pakistan strong and stable.
• Pakistan was founded mainly to put Islamic teachings into practice.
• The basis of Pakistani ideology is the basic principles of Islam.
• It was also shaped by the economic and social hardships of Muslims in colonial India.

3. The Situation of the Muslims after the War of Independence

From the mid-18th century until 1947 the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial control. Muslims were a religious minority. They faced many hurdles and disadvantages. These were economic, political and social.

A. Economic disparities

A country’s philosophy also comes from common economic goals. The economic condition of the Muslims got worse, mainly after 1857. After the War of Independence in 1857 the British thought the Muslims were the main reason for the War. They feared Muslims might try it again. So the British were hostile to Muslims. The Muslims stayed economically oppressed and ignored.

Land is a key economic resource. It passed into the hands of the British and Hindu elites. Many Muslims became landless and economically deprived. Their business and trade chances became fewer. But they did not give up their ideology.

These unfair conditions shaped the life of Muslims. They led to demands for social and economic fairness and for political representation.

B. Social and political disempowerment

The British used a “divide and rule” tactic. They used the religious differences in Indian society. Muslims were often pushed aside in politics. Their share in key administration posts fell a lot.

• Culture ignored: The rulers and other communities ignored or misunderstood Muslim customs. Muslims felt cut off and alone.
• Social shame: In religiously charged areas Muslims faced shame. Sometimes tension became violence and social exclusion. This brought more division and discrimination.
• English education: After taking over, the British started a school system where English was important. Most Muslims opposed it.
• Under-represented in key jobs: The British often preferred Hindus for jobs. Muslims felt politically left out.
• Left out of decisions: India’s part in World War I was decided without proper talks with Indian authorities, mainly Muslim leaders.
• Weak voice in legislatures: Muslims had some seats, but not in line with their real population. So they could not defend their political and social interests well.
• Simon Commission, 1927: The British formed an all-British commission to study how the Indian constitution worked. Indians, mainly Muslims, were angry. They asked for Indian members.
• Repression: In the Khilafat Movement and the Non-Cooperation Movement the British often used harsh methods. Many Muslim leaders were arrested or silenced. It was hard for them to take part in politics.
• Hindu revivalist movements became more hostile to Muslims. After 1857 the Hindi-Urdu Controversy was the biggest Hindu attack on the Muslim heritage and the legacy of the vast Muslim Empire. Hindus called Urdu the language of Muslims and were prejudiced against it. They protested against Urdu in Banaras in 1867. This began the controversy.

In short: Muslims in British India were pushed to the edge socially and politically. The reasons were unfair laws, too few Muslims in key posts, and the British policy of divide and rule.

4. Islam’s Fundamental Values

• Pakistani ideology came from the wish of South Asia’s Muslims to keep their own identity within Hindu civilization.
• Muslims felt Islam and Hinduism are not just two religions. They are two social orders of life with different cultures.
• Muslim nationhood is not based on land, race, language or ethnic group. Muslims are a nation because they share the same creed, Islam.

5. Pakistan’s Ideology and Quaid-e-Azam

A leader’s power to guide the nation is key to the success of any ideology. Good leadership has knowledge, awareness (consciousness), mobilization, direction and defence against enemies. The Muslims were lucky to have such leadership. The most important leader was Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah. His vision for Pakistan is seen in many basic beliefs and statements. His words and deeds show Pakistan’s original philosophy.

Seven beliefs of Quaid-e-Azam

• Two-Nation Theory: Hindus and Muslims in British India were two different nations. Each had its own religious, cultural and social identity. He believed in it strongly. To defend the rights and interests of Muslims, it became the base of the demand for Pakistan, a separate Muslim state.
• Pakistani unity: He often stressed national unity. It is needed to overcome Pakistan’s many ethnic, language and cultural groups.
• Democracy: He wanted Pakistan to be a true democracy. He stressed the rule of law, representative government and a constitution that protects the freedoms and rights of all citizens.
• Economic growth: He knew that economic growth and wealth are important. He held that the well-being of the country and its people depends on a strong economy.
• Minorities and religious tolerance: Pakistan would be a country where Muslims and other religious minorities can practise their beliefs openly and without fear. He often spoke for minority rights and religious tolerance.
• Social justice and equality: He wanted a society where everyone has equal chances and rights, whatever their background. He spoke against prejudice based on caste, religion or creed.
• Cordial ties with other nations: based on equality and mutual respect. He wanted Pakistan to be a recognised independent and sovereign state in the world.

You are free to go to your places of worship. You may belong to any religion, caste or creed but it will have nothing to do with the business of the State.

Quaid-e-Azam, 11 August 1947

His plan for a modern, democratic and inclusive Pakistan met many difficulties over time. Still, it is a very important point of reference for understanding the basic principles of Pakistani ideology.

6. Pakistan’s Ideology and Allama Muhammad Iqbal

Allama Iqbal is one of the most important persons in history. His poetry challenged the old social customs. He was schooled in Europe. He knew all the worst sides of Western society. He criticised materialism, capitalism and the lack of spirituality. He greatly helped to build the philosophy from which the idea of Pakistan came. His political and philosophical views strongly affected Pakistan’s founding ideals.

Allama Iqbal’s remarks have had a big effect on Pakistan’s ideology.

Quaid-e-Azam and Iqbal side by side (study aid)

7. Colonialism and British Colonialism

Colonialism can have both good and bad results for the colonized area. But it mostly has very bad effects on colonized states.

Impact of British colonialism

8. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Aligarh Movement

His significant role

• His links with the West shaped his thinking about progress and education. He knew Western-style schooling was important. Muslims must learn new things to keep up with the times.
• He opened the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh in 1877. In 1920 it became the Aligarh Muslim University.
• He urged Muslims to learn English to get a greater say. He thought that with English they could learn more, get more chances and break the chains that held them back.
• He wanted a spirit of research. He wanted people to think in a scientific and logical way. He was sure knowledge and education are the best way for society to solve its problems.
• The college was very important. It brought modern education to Muslims. It made a new group of educated Muslims, ready for the challenges of the modern world.

Scientific Society and newspaper

• Sir Syed started the newspaper Aligarh Institute Gazette. It pushed for new ideas and scholarly discussion. It was very important for spreading unbiased information.
• The Scientific Society was set up in 1864 in Aligarh. It was a turning point in Indian history.
• Its aim was to spread scientific knowledge and logical thinking among the people of India, mainly Muslims.
• It was a platform to translate Western scientific works into Urdu. This made scientific knowledge easier for local people to reach.

The Aligarh Movement

• It was an important moment in the history of Indian Muslims. It was led by Sir Syed.
• Its goal: get more Muslims to go to school and raise a new generation of educated Muslims who could compete with other groups.
• It also tried to get Muslims to change their ways of life and accept new ideas and new ways of doing things.
• It gave Indian Muslims a feeling of identity as Muslims and of looking after their best interests.

Link with the Pakistan Movement

• Sir Syed’s work as a reformer was a big part of why the Pakistan Movement succeeded.
• At first he tried to bring Hindus and Muslims together. Later he became a leader of Muslim nationalism in India.
• Many people think Sir Syed came up with the idea of two countries. It was the base of the Pakistan Movement.
• His ideas helped shape what it meant to be a Muslim and to move forward the goals of Indian Muslims. His focus on education made a new generation of educated Muslims.
• The Aligarh Movement was a forerunner of the Pakistan Movement. It laid the groundwork for the All-India Muslim League in 1906. The League later led the movement for Pakistan in 1947.
• The Aligarh Movement inspired other Muslim movements and groups that supported the Pakistan Movement: the Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam, the Khilafat Movement and the All-India Muslim Students Federation.
• The Aligarh Muslim University was also very important. It got more Muslims into school and gave Indian Muslims a sense of who they were as Muslims. Sir Syed’s goals of progress and learning inspire people even today.

9. Timeline and Final Revision

What I have learned (the book’s own summary)

• Ideology is the set of views, values and goals of a group or country. It is deeply fixed in people’s sense of right and wrong.
• Pakistan’s ideology is a separate land where Muslims of the subcontinent can keep Islamic values and ideals.
• Muslims faced economic, political and social hurdles and disadvantages as a religious minority under British rule.
• Intrinsic equality, social and economic equality and self-determination are basic principles of Islam.
• Quaid-e-Azam’s vision: unity, democracy, economic growth, religious tolerance, justice, equality and cordial relations with other nations.
• Iqbal’s vision: keeping and growing Islamic identity, self-realization and personal growth, self-determination and political sovereignty, fairness, social justice, Ijtehad and an economic structure based on Islamic principles.
• British colonialism is direct British rule over the subcontinent from 1858 until the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947.
• The impact of British colonialism on many parts of life in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent was deep.
• In the 19th century Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a well-known Indian Muslim leader, philosopher and educator.
• The Aligarh Movement led by Sir Syed was an important moment in the history of Indian Muslims.

Glossary

Ideology

The set of views, values and goals of a group or country (“science of ideas”).

Cohesion

Staying united and bound together as one.

Adherents

Followers; people who support an idea or belief.

Disparity

A big and unfair difference between groups.

Deprived

Kept without things that are needed.

Zamindar

A middleman who collected tax from peasants for the British.

Marginalized

Pushed to the edge and given little importance or power.

Repressive

Using harsh force to control people.

Controversy

A long argument about something.

Self-determination

The right of a people to decide how they will live and be ruled.

Sovereignty

Full power to rule oneself.

Intrinsic

Belonging to something by its very nature.

Persecution

Cruel treatment of people because of their beliefs.

Ijtehad

Independent thinking to re-read Islamic teachings in light of modern times.

Riba

Interest; Iqbal supported the ban on it.

Colonialism

One nation taking control of another country or area for its own profit.

Forerunner

Something that comes before and prepares the way for another.

Revivalist

Aiming to bring back and strengthen an older religion or culture.

Stagnation

Standing still with no growth.

Alumni

Old students of a school or university.